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Neuronal Mechanism of Motion SicknessД¬urrently, motion sickness is thought to arise from conflicting information processed within a multimodal sensory system whose function is to determine the individual's motion relative to his/her environment. The information is integrated in the central nervous system and is modulated by activity arising in the reticular formation, the extrapyramidal system, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex.Д®ach vestibular labyrinth contains 5 vestibular receptors: 2 maculae of the otolith organs, which can be stimulated by linear acceleration in the horizontal (utricle) and vertical (saccule) direction, and 3 cristae ampullares of the semicircular canals, which detect angular accelerations in 3 different planes. In humans, a highly sophisticated mechanism for maintaining gaze (vestibulo-ocular reflex) and balance (vestibulospinal reflexes) during head and body movements has developed the mechanism is dependent upon visual, vestibular and proprioceptive sensory information. Subjects with nonfunctioning labyrinths are immune to motion sickness. The associated reactions include sighing, yawning, hyperventilation, flatulence, loss of body weight, headache and drowsiness.ДЄ functional vestibular system is a prerequisite for motion sickness. The cardinal signs of motion sickness are nausea, vomiting, pallor and cold sweating. All individuals (humans and animals) possessing an intact vestibular apparatus can get motion sickness given the right quality and quantity of provocative stimulation, although there are wide and consistent individual differences in the degree of susceptibility. Motion sickness indiscriminately affects air, sea, road and space travelers. Motion sickness is caused by certain types of motion and is induced during passive locomotion in vehicles, generated by unfamiliar body accelerations, to which the person has not adapted, or by an intersensory conflict between vestibular and visual stimuli. Motion sickness is considered a physiological vertigo and is thus not a true sickness in the strict sense of the word but rather is a normal response to an abnormal situation. To control these vegetative symptoms, scopolamine and antihistamines are the most effective drugs. Therapy is directed towards decreasing conflicting sensory input, accelerating the process of adaptation and controlling nausea and vomiting.

Predisposing factors include menstruation, pregnancy, migraines and possibly a side difference in the mass of otoconia in the vestibular organs. Children between 2 and 12 years old are most susceptible to motion sickness, and women are more frequently affected than men. Furthermore, some other special situations, such as simulators, the cinema and video games, have been described as causing pseudomotion sickness. The physical signs of motion sickness occur in both humans and animals during travel by sea, automobile or airplane and in space.

Motion sickness is a well-known nausea and vomiting syndrome in otherwise healthy people. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the physiological basis, clinical picture and treatment options for motion sickness.

Trainz simulator 12 mod conflicts in content manager